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  • Kulak - Wikipedia
    Kulaks referred to former peasants in the Russian Empire who became landowners and credit-loaners after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 and during the Stolypin reform of 1906 to 1914, which aimed to reduce radicalism amongst the peasantry and produce profit-minded, politically conservative farmers
  • Kulak | Tsarist Russia, Peasant Uprisings, Land Reforms | Britannica
    kulak, (Russian: “fist”), in Russian and Soviet history, a wealthy or prosperous peasant, generally characterized as one who owned a relatively large farm and several head of cattle and horses and who was financially capable of employing hired labour and leasing land
  • The Liquidation of the Kulaks, 1930-1932 | Russias Necropolis of . . .
    At the November 1929 meeting of its Central Committee, the Communist Party decided to press ahead with the forced collectivisation of agriculture A key tactic was to disarm and eliminate the successful, wealthy peasant stratum loosely described as “kulaks”
  • Kulak - Encyclopedia of Ukraine
    Although Soviet policies had deprived them of their economic status, the ‘kulaks’ continued to be regarded as class enemies by the authorities and were not allowed to vote in elections to the rural soviets, to hold governing positions in co-operatives, or to receive bank loans or tax reductions
  • Kulaks - Encyclopedia. com
    Kulak, in Russian, means a "fist " When used for rich peasants, it alludes to their alleged fist-like hold on their poorer brethren Vladimir Lenin saw the kulak as a "village bourgeoisie" that would be crushed by a socialist revolution
  • Kulak (Dekulakisation) - Explaining History Podcast
    Millions were arrested, executed, or deported to special settlements in Siberia The definition of a “Kulak” was intentionally vague—it was often applied to any farmer who was efficient, owned a few cows, or simply opposed collectivization This was a form of “classicide ”
  • Military History and Science | Research Starters - EBSCO
    After the Russian Revolution in 1917, kulaks became synonymous with the most affluent members of the peasant class, often opposing the collectivization efforts initiated by the Soviet leadership under Joseph Stalin in the 1920s
  • The Kulaks - Spartacus Educational
    Kulaks were former peasants in Russia who owned medium-sized farms as a result of the reforms introduced by Peter Stolypin in 1906 Stolypin's intention was to create a stable group of prosperous farmers who would form a natural conservative political force
  • Glossary of Terms: Ku - Marxists Internet Archive
    Kulaks in WWI: Throughout the early twentieth century kulaks bought communal land where they could, but it was difficult to do so; the communes refused to sell their land despite threats and pressure
  • Kulak – Russias Periphery
    Kulaks who were deported ended up in the northernmost parts of Russia – at least that was their intended destination In practice, many of them did not make it all the way there but were instead left to die of starvation near train stations and in transit prisons





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