calculus 音标拼音: [k'ælkjələs]
n . 微积分学,结石
微积分学,结石
calculus 演算; 计算
calculus 微积分 演算
calculus n 1 :
a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts ;
found in hollow organs or ducts of the body ; "
renal calculi can be very painful " [
synonym : {
calculus }, {
concretion }]
2 :
an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums [
synonym :
{
tartar }, {
calculus }, {
tophus }]
3 :
the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions [
synonym :
{
calculus }, {
infinitesimal calculus }]
Mathematics \
Math `
e *
mat "
ics \,
n . [
F .
math ['
e ]
matiques ,
pl .,
L .
mathematica ,
sing .,
Gr . ? (
sc . ?)
science .
See {
Mathematic },
and {-
ics }.]
That science ,
or class of sciences ,
which treats of the exact relations existing between quantities or magnitudes ,
and of the methods by which ,
in accordance with these relations ,
quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known or supposed ;
the science of spatial and quantitative relations .
[
1913 Webster ]
Note :
Mathematics embraces three departments ,
namely :
1 .
{
Arithmetic }.
2 . {
Geometry },
including {
Trigonometry }
and {
Conic Sections }.
3 . {
Analysis },
in which letters are used ,
including {
Algebra }, {
Analytical Geometry },
and {
Calculus }.
Each of these divisions is divided into pure or abstract ,
which considers magnitude or quantity abstractly ,
without relation to matter ;
and mixed or applied ,
which treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies ,
and is consequently interwoven with physical considerations .
[
1913 Webster ]
Calculus \
Cal "
cu *
lus \,
n .;
pl . {
Calculi }. [
L ,
calculus .
See {
Calculate },
and {
Calcule }.]
1 . (
Med .)
Any solid concretion ,
formed in any part of the body ,
but most frequent in the organs that act as reservoirs ,
and in the passages connected with them ;
as ,
biliary calculi ;
urinary calculi ,
etc .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 . (
Math .)
A method of computation ;
any process of reasoning by the use of symbols ;
any branch of mathematics that may involve calculation .
[
1913 Webster ]
{
Barycentric calculus },
a method of treating geometry by defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which co ["
e ]
fficients or weights are ascribed .
{
Calculus of functions },
that branch of mathematics which treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given conditions .
{
Calculus of operations },
that branch of mathematical logic that treats of all operations that satisfy given conditions .
{
Calculus of probabilities },
the science that treats of the computation of the probabilities of events ,
or the application of numbers to chance .
{
Calculus of variations },
a branch of mathematics in which the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities together are themselves subject to change .
{
Differential calculus },
a method of investigating mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain indefinitely small quantities called differentials .
The problems are primarily of this form :
to find how the change in some variable quantity alters at each instant the value of a quantity dependent upon it .
{
Exponential calculus },
that part of algebra which treats of exponents .
{
Imaginary calculus },
a method of investigating the relations of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra .
{
Integral calculus },
a method which in the reverse of the differential ,
the primary object of which is to learn from the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two or more magnitudes ,
the relation of the magnitudes themselves ,
or ,
in other words ,
from having the differential of an algebraic expression to find the expression itself .
[
1913 Webster ]
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